My Political Comic

Political Cartoon Analysis

1: I think that it's meant to be a sort of overarching statement on everything that politicians debate about to sway peoples votes.

2: I think that it's more of a suggestion of the real people, but I can't tell who exactly they are.

3: Labeling is obviously used in the "Tonight's Show: "The Republican Debate"" and "Giant Corporation Puppet Theatre" Which I think is also some sort of exaggeration.  The symbolism is shown through the star and strips on the podiums.

4: I'd say the person who wrote this is a Democrat, because this is the Republican debate, not just the political debate.

5: Subtly it is; it's subtly telling you not to vote Republican.

6: I'm not sure I really saw the use of irony in this piece.

Ipad Assignment

For the Ipad App assignment I chose two design Apps.

　

The first was Freeform: The Vector Drawing App.

This app seems to resemble the paint function that comes standard on many computers, with the obvious exception of the touch screen capabilities. This should, theoretically, make the use of this product easier to use than the one that come one computers, as the touch screen would make the actual drawing process easier than the pencil tool on the computer. This App has zooming capabilities. You can create and modify objects, and save your projects.

　

The second was SketchPad.

This App is more simple than Freeform. Whereas Freeform has a lot of tools to chose from in your creation process, SketchPad just has the touch screen drawing capabilities. However, SketchPad does allow you to chose from different types of “paper,” such as college ruled, graphed, plain, etc. Also, you can choose what color you want to draw with. In addition to the drawing capabilities of SketchPad, you can also type with it, and incorporate notes into your drawings.

I chose these two Apps because I thought they would be of obvious benefit to my future students. For theatre practitioners, especially those in the technical side, would benefit from these Apps. It would be possible to use these Apps in the designing of costumes and set pieces, or perhaps even full sets. They would be beneficial in that it would be easier to “erase” any mistakes, or makes changes to the designs, by going back and eliminating and/or what you want changed. Also, the SketchPad App would be helpful when making notes on the designs. Both would be beneficial when it comes to storing and sharing the designs, which would make collaborating on design projects easier, as one could, most likely, save the file and send it, and the other person could open it and make changes.

Best/Worst WebQuest

Best: Anti-earthquake Designer.
Allowed creativity.  Working links.  Laid out time line.

Worst:
Waves and Sound.
Boring.  Complicated, time wise, and not very well organized.

WebQuest Eval

WebQuest about WebQuests Worksheet Print this page out and use it to jot down notes while you examine each site. Remember to stay in character as you examine the sites and don't compare notes until you get back with your four-person group.
Your Role

___Efficiency Expert

___Affiliator

Beth Altitudinist

___Technophile

Your Impressions

WebQuest	Strengths	Weaknesses
Saving the Gorillas	Interesting color scheme.  Important Issue.  Gives list of useful websites.	Awkward phrasing.  Seems to be talking down to the reader.
World of Shakespeare	Objectives clearly stated at the beginning.  Combines several content areas.  Has a well defined evaluation chart.  This is all about promoting creativity.  Conclusion meant to spark further thinking.	It assumes that everyone reading knows what a skit, or ad libbing is.  Why no ad lib?
Anti-Earthquake Designer	Fun, creative, and meaningful assignment.  Clear group assignments.  Clear requirements and instructions, accompanied by helpful pictures.	Text and color too bright.  Assumes that students already know about earthquakes, doesn't count for learning about them.
Foreign Country Presentation	Clear mission statement.  Clear requirements.  Helpful links.	Background color way too bright.  Doesn't elaborate on how to best convince, or persuade other students best.
Waves and Sound	I catching picture.	Way too bright of a color scheme.

Bernie Dodge, Department of Educational Technology, SDSU

Double Entry # 11

Thinking Creatively: Teachers as designers of Content, Technology and Pedagogy.

Pedagogy and teaching can be messy, but you can help clear some of the fog by focusing on content.

There is, apparently a fight going on between different content areas, over which is more important.

One problem with an some newer technology is that it is unstable, however is changes everything.

Scratch | Project | About Me

Scratch | Project | About Me

I used the Animate It Scratch Card, and the Follow the Mouse Scratch Card.

Double entry Journal #10

This week we read Sowing the Seeds for a More Productive Society

This is a really long quote, but it really impressed me.

             "At one Hong Kong workshop, an 11-year-old girl named Julia was inspired by a pair of shoes that she had seen that contained embedded lights that flashed as the shoes moved. But Julia wasn’t interested in buying shoes with pre-programmed lighting patterns; she wanted to create her own patterns. So she connected a Cricket and a series of lights to her boots, then installed a sensor near the bottom of the boot, where it could detect the up-and-down motion of her foot. She programmed the Cricket to change the colors of the lights, based on how fast she was walking.

       At the same workshop, an entrepreneurial 12-year-old named Anthony came up with a business idea: a wearable jukebox. He cut a coin slot in the top of a cardboard box, then installed sensors on the underside of the slot to measure the size of the coin inserted. He then programmed the Cricket to play different songs based on what coin the customer put into the box. For Julia and Anthony, the Cricket provided a way to create and personalize their own interactive inventions. As Julia explained, “With Crickets, you don’t have to use what someone else made. You can make it yourself.”"

I liked this quote, because it shows a young person's capacity for achievement and creativity when given an opportunity to create and flourish.  I think that much too often we stifle young people's creativity, when we should be encouraging it.  Especially looking at something like this, I know maybe two adults who could create something like this.  I wonder how many others could if given the opportunity and free-range like this as youngsters.

Top 10 Technology Tips for New Teachers

This article gives help and advice for teachers and how they can use technology to help them teach.  It even gives links under each point, that may be beneficial to that point.

Resnick, M. (2007). Sowing the seeds for a more creative society. Learning and leading with technology, 18-23. Retrieved from http://web.media.mit.edu/~mres/papers/Learning-Leading-final.pdf

Tenkely, K. (n.d.). Top 10 technology tips for new teachers. Retrieved from http://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/8506-top-10-technology-tips-for-new-teachers

Scratch | Project | Getting Started Scratch

Scratch | Project | Getting Started Scratch

Double Entry Journal 9

10 Things Schools Can Learn From Video Games
There really wasn't a quote that jumped out at me.  For some reason I got the idea that this person doesn't actually play video games.  The way games are described in this article, it just doesn't seem how someone who plays games would describe them.

School Uses Video Games To Teach Thinking Skills

10 things schools can learn from video games. (2012, January 20). Retrieved from http://www.learningingaming.com/10-things-schools-can-learn-from-video-games/

Chaplin, H. (2010). School uses video gamesto teach thinking skills. NPR, Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128081896

Wikipedia Blog Posting

How a Ragtag band created Wikipedia3 things you learned

They are funded by donations.

They have two million articles, with most languages by Eastern European.

They Say that they are more popular than the New York Times.

They only have one real employee, with the rest being volunteers.

 

2 things agreed with

I love their dedication, and mission to keep wikipedia free.

I really like that he was willing to admit that it wasn't perfect, around 5 minutes in, it makes me feel more feeling to trust him and his site.

 

1 thing you disagreed with

 

 

Wikipedia Pretty Accurate But Hard to Read

Were you surprised? Why?

 I don't know if surprised is what I would call it.  Aggravated maybe?  It seems to me that this is a case of someone not being able to find a fault in wikipedia's accuracy, so they are nit-picking anything they can find.

 

 4 Ways to Use Wikipeida Never Cite IT

Almost never, I've only done it twice in the past five years.

 

Wikipedia worksheet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE

 

1) No.

2)

   A) Yes, there are links to each article, with further links to more information clearly stated, or highlighted.

   B) Yes, the article provides what appears to be only factual information based on the events, while using an objective stance.

   C) There are references linked to the reference section at the bottom, throughout the article, most of which then have a link to the actual resource.

   D) It appears to be complete.

3) There are 64 references to the article, some of which would be reliable, such as the Washington post, some of which may be biased, such as WWE's own website, and some of which may not be reliable due to being prone to sensationalism, such as Sports Illustrated.

4) WWE was one of the good article nominees, but did not meet the good article criteria at the time. There are suggestions below for improving the article. Once these issues have been addressed, the article can be renominated. Editors may also seek a reassessment of the decision if they believe there was a mistake.

WikiProject Connecticut Rated B-class, Mid Importance

WikiProject Professional wrestling Rate B-Class, Top-Importance

WikiProject Companies Rated B-Class, High-Importance

1 Wrestler link redirects

2 Sydney headquarters

5 Logo

6 WWWF section

8 HHH

9 The WWE's status as a company...

11 New WWE Tag Team Champions

12 CEO/Chairmen

13 Still World Wrestling Entertainment/opening line

16 Scripted wins

17 Proposal to merge History of WWE into WWE

18 Change the name

19 Founding

20 WWE is a real sport

5) I think it's partially reliable.  There is no apparent bias involved.  However, as I stated above, some of the sources may not be the most reliable.  Also, according to some of the comments on the discussion, some of the information is outdated.

 

 

Double Entry Journal 8

This week we read Wikipedia.

a. What is Wikipedia?
According to the article wikipedia describes itself as "Wikipedia is a multilingual, Web-based encyclopedia project, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation, a nonprofit organization."

b. How would you answer the question posed in this piece “How reliable can a source be when anyone can edit it?”?
Not incredibly, you never know who has changed what, or what their motives or knowledge is.

c. Who do the creators of Wikipedia place their trust in when it comes to weeding out misinformation?
Their readers.

d. Why did founder Larry Sanger leave Wikipedia?
To create a site that depends more on experts.

e. What would abuse or vandalism look like on a Wikipedia page?
Heavy handed bias for or against the subject of an article.

f. What do the statistics quoted in the third paragraph of this piece reveal?
That Wikipedia is highly successful and still growing.

g. Why do you think Wikipedia is so successful?
It's easy to use and access.

h. Why might Wikipedia’s creators not want to accept advertising?

To keep free of clutter, and to remain impartial.

i. How does Wikiscanner help increase the reliability of Wikipedia entries?
It helps make sure that those leaving information on the site is are trustworthy and unbiased.

Think Aloud

Mills Think Aloud

View more presentations from Mills21.

Website Evaluation

BalancedPolitics.org

Who?
Has someone taken responsibility for the content of this Web site?
       Not a single group, or person, no.  However the author of the article is listed.

Are there any links to in-depth information about the author or organization?
       There is a link to their mission statement, but not who they are.  Again though there is a link in the article to a short biography on the author.

Can you contact the company or author through a real world postal address or phone number?
        No they only have an email address.

What?
Is the information biased in any way?
        No, they are offering both sides of the argument in a objective way.

Does the site's information seem thorough and well organized?
        It is very well organized.  It sets up the information in a concise way, then expands on it

Does the Web site offer a list of further in-depth resources or links to such resources?
        It has a related information section, with links to this information.  However all of their arguments, both for and against have no supporting facts, or evidence to back them up, except for one link to a incredibly biased website.

When?


Is it important that the information you're looking for be absolutely current?
        Yes, as there is new, and changing information on the fight for gay rights, and gay marriage, coming out all the time.

Is a reference date provided to show when the material was put online, or when it was last updated?
        There is information on when the site was last updated.

Do the links work?
        Yes, but some of them lead to more opinion sites, and some lead to advertisements to things that have nothing to do with the issue.

Why?


Can I get the information faster offline?
        No, I don't believe I can.

Does the online material I'm finding suit my needs?
        Not at this particular site.

Am I able to verify this information?
        No, there are not many links to their sources, but there are links to what they consider relevant information.

Double Entry 7

Words Failed, Then Saved Me

"Repeating third grade at a new school, after having been asked to leave my old one for hitting kids who made fun of my perceived stupidity, I was placed in the “dummy class.” There were three of us, separated from our classmates at a table in the corner of the room. One day, the teacher, who seldom spoke to us since it was understood that most of what she taught was beyond the reach of our intelligence, placed books in our hands and whispered that we should sit there quietly “pretending to read.” The principal was coming."

This kind of hit hard for me because I was that kid.  It's sad that as much as we know about learning disorders, we're still not as educated or as open minded as we should be.  What's even sadder is that, that 'dummy class' I was in, wasn't because I had a learning disability.  When I moved to that town, my fifth grade class was the largest that that school had ever had, so they had to split us into three homerooms instead of two.  There was A class, B class, and C class.  A and B were the 'smart kids' and got to have regular classes, moving around the building.  C class had to have all our classes but three in our room, which looked like a dank, converted storage closet.

Learning Disabilities in Children

This site discribes a multitude of different learning disabilities.  Also this site has information on mental and emotional aspects of a students life, as well as many other problem areas for students.

Schultz, P. (2011, September 3). Words failed, then saved me. The new york times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/04/opinion/sunday/with-dyslexia-words-failed-me-and-then-saved-me.html?_r=2

Kemp, G., Smith, M., & Segal, J. (2012, January). Learning disabilities in children. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/learning_disabilities.htm

Teacher Of The Year Magazine Cover

Double Entry 6

This week we read "Teaching Media Literacy".

They both use critical thinking, and other similar skills, but reading online, offers challenges, such as making judgements about the validity of the information

"Although some countries (notably Canada, England, and Australia) have made progress in integrating media literacy into the school curriculum, schools in the United States generally have lagged behind (Hobbs & Frost, 2003)."

The reason this quote caught my eye was that, we as a nation often feel that students spend to much time using digital media, so we often don't allow our students to use these resources inside school.  We do this despite evidence and research, such as that shown in this article, that proves there is use and even need for it in the classroom.

I found a website devoted to teaching media literacy.

David, J. L. (2009). Teaching media literacy . Educational leadership, 66(6), 84-86. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar09/vol66/num06/Teaching-Media-Literacy.aspx

Reflection Voki

I realised that I had an extra 'to' and removed it.

Reflection Revision

Really 0 Found 0 Removed.
Just 0 Found 0 Removed.
That 3 Found 2 Removed.

0 Passive sentences found.

Double Entry Journal 5

What is the difference between Media in Education vs Media Literacy Education?

Media Literacy is the ability to navigate and use different forms of media. Media in Education is the use of different media for the use of education, this could also include teacher Media Literacy.

 

What social bargain is at the heart of Fair use?

We give the creators of a work ownership of their works, while giving others the chance to use parts of these works without permission, or payment in certain circumstances.

 

Why is Fair Use more important today?

I’m not sure how to answer this question in my own words, but I think the section “Copyright: A Contentious Climate” (pg.5) answers this well.

 

“New norms of information sharing—file sharing, downloading, podcasting—are emerging at the very moment when copyright owners are attempting to capture new revenue streams from various sources, educators involved in media literacy feel uncertain in this new environment of heightened commodification. On the one hand, they sense that copyrighted material should be available for their activities and those of their learners, and that such availability has great social and cultural utility. But on the other, they are aware of the increased vigilance with which copyright owners are enforcing their rights. And their actual understanding of the subject is incomplete or even distorted. As a result, there is a climate of increased fear and confusion about copyright, which detracts from the quality of teaching. Lack of clarity reduces learning and limits the ability to use digital tools. Some educators close their classroom doors and hide what they fear is infringement; others hyper comply with imagined rules that are far stricter than the law requires, limiting the effectiveness of their teaching and their students’ learning."

Also, it’s more important because the prolonged copyright laws make it more difficult to attain permissions to use works.

 

What are the two key questions judges use to determine Fair Use? 

Did the use of the copy-righted material ‘transform’ the original purpose are intent of the original work?

Was the material taken appropriate in kind and amount, considering the nature of the copyrighted work and of the use?

 

A teacher shows a movie of The Lion King and asks student to notice how the animals in the movie reflect racial stereotypes? Is this Fair Use? Why?

Yes, she isn’t making profit from showing the film. Also, the use of media for the purpose of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research is protected under the fair use act.

 

Which principle relates most strongly to the digital story you created in class? Explain.

 Number four, this principle cover materials created by students, such as edited videos.

 

Are there limitations to the amount of pictures, length of music, or video that can be used in a multimedia project?

It doesn’t give specifics, but it cautions against the use of copyrighted materials as a by.

 

Do you need to request permission from the original creator in order to use copyrighted material in multimedia project for school related assignment?

Not necessarily, it may be a good idea, but if you give credit, you should be fine.

 

Should educators try to change the policies in their school if they are not in line with Fair Use doctrine?

Absolutely, every school should follow all laws, including the Fair Use doctrine.

 

What common myth about Fair Use surprised you the most?

Fair Use Could Get Me Sued, its not Fair Use that can get you sued, its what keeps you from keeping sued.

 

Does the digital story you created and uploaded to YouTube fall under Fair Use Guidelines? Explain

Yes, we used copyrighted Material, but we didn't profit from it, and we credited the owners of the work.

Double Entry Journal 4

I saved my quote as a picture file and embeded it here:



I chose this quote, because it shows that his main concern is for the kids he is teaching, and how to allow them to best understand what he is teaching.  He understands that not everystudent understands techknowlogy.  He understands that some students aren't as open as other students.  He also understands that it's his job to help them become stronger in all their problem areas; helping them tell stories before telling digital stories, or helping them learn to walk before they run.

I also found it interesting the he went on to describe the story mapping process in similer terms to those we use in Theatre and Storytelling, when analysiing a script or story.

I found another website that is devoted to digital storytelling as their webstie says: "Digital Storyteller is being developed as an initiative within the Center for Technology & Teacher Education in the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia. Center faculty members and graduate fellows identify and explore innovative digital technologies.

Digital Storyteller is a member of a family of web based tools that also includes PrimaryAccess (designed for history teaching). Both projects are intended to serve as catalysts in use of effective technology-based tools in the K-12 classroom. Our partners in these endeavors include public schools, local public television stations, the Virginia Center for Digital History, StageTools, and other non-profit and commercial organizations."

Ohler, J. (05/06). The world of digital storytelling. Educational leadership, 63(4), 44-47.

Digital storyteller. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.digitalstoryteller.org/aboutus.htm

Photostory

Here Is My Photostory!

Comic

Activity 9

What strategy is being employed?

Why does the strategy work?

I read Messaging Shakespeare.

In this experiment Inez Brown used test messaging, blog postings and email to help her students understand Richard III.

By using a technology that almost forces students to summarize, a practice which the article says great helps students retain information, she gave them a new way to learn that engaged them.  Texting and blogging was also something that the students were already familiar with making the transition to that medium much easier.  Also she was savy enough to make sure each group had a student with easy access to a cell phone.

Learning Style Questions

Do learning styles exist?

Are they useful for classroom instruction?

What is the best philosophy for using learning styles?

Learning styles do exist, and can be incredibly useful for some students once you find what their learning style, or styles, is.  The trick with learning styles is to realize that not every student may have a set learning style, or that no two students, even with the same learning style, may learn in the same way.  The best use of it is to maybe teach students about learning styles and allow them to find what they believe best suits their needs, helping them, but not pushing.  I liked the way the article said it best, "In other words, do not pigeonhole people as we are all capable of learning under almost any style, no matter what our preference is."

Clark, D. (2000, May 29). Learning styles & preferences. Retrieved from http://nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/styles.html

Double Entry Journal 3

This Week We read Two Articles:
Are Digital Media Changing Language?
The Keypad Solution

There wasn't Anything that jumped out at me from the second article, but I did find two quotes from the first article that struck me.

"Diminished concern over spelling and punctuation. Spell-check, along with online search engines, may be convincing us that devoting energy to honing spelling skills is anachronistic. Even before you finish typing a word containing an error, spell-check often automatically corrects the word. Similarly, if you type a misspelled word (or phrase) into Google, chances are the search engine will land you pretty much at the same list of sites you would have reached had you been a finalist in the National Spelling Bee."

I really agree with this quote, and it reminded me of a poem I read once about the spell check problem.  Another problem with spell check, that she doesn't mention here is that, even if you type a word correctly, it may me a word that sounds the same, but means something entirely different.  Also if you type a word incorrectly, there are a lot of instances where spell check will change it to an entirely different word than the one you were intending.  Also, she overestimates the cockiness of google, the minute you type the wrong word in that engine they come back with a "didn't you mean ___."

"No longer do we say that Li Po "talks strangely"; rather, she is an "English language learner." Instead of criticizing Bill from Appalachia (who says "Him and me went home"), we note that Bill speaks another dialect of English."
This one bothered me a little.  In her effort to say that we are no longer racist, she was incredibly racist.  Li Po?  Did she right down as many stereotypical names as she could think of and throw a dart to choose which she'd use?  The same thing with Bill.  And as someone from Southern Appalachia, I'm personally insulted by the 'him and me went home' crack.  Granted I will admit, I happen to have a chip on my shoulders about where I come from, but I still think there are better ways she could have addressed that issue.

Here is a poem that shows all that can go wrong with your spell checking experience:  Ode to a Spell Checker

Baron, N. S. (2009). Are digital media changing language?. Educational leadership, 66(6), 42-46. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar09/vol66/num06/Are-Digital-Media-Changing-Language¢.aspx

Shea, A. (2010, January 22). The keypad solution. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/magazine/24FOB-onlanguage-t.html

Ode to a spell checker.  Retrieved from

http://people.usd.edu/~bwjames/humor/spell.html

Picasso Learning Style Head

The type of learner I got was Visual learner.  There are a lot of ways technology can be used with this type of learning style.  You could watch a movie on how to do something.  You could play a video game about whatever it is you're trying to learn.  If you're an artist, they now how Apps on certain touchscreen devices that allow you to use a stylus to draw whatever device it is.

Wordle

While there are 'common' well known stories that some people put, I was pleasantly surprised by the variety of the answers, and my fellow students tastes.

Double Entry Journal #2

This week we read the article "Web 2.0 and Emerging Learning Technologies/Learning Styles."
My quote from this article is:
"For example, the Suunto X6-HR is a powerful watch that has many functions inside it like “a heart-rate monitor with an altimeter in a slick package that's water-resistant for 100 meters” (CNET, n.d.)." (Smart watches and learning styles.)

I chose this quote because it began the articles decent to being a product placement ad.  I liked that the article was giving examples of what technology to use and reasons why to use it, but I did not agree with the 'buy-this-product' atmosphere it quickly picked up.  They sent entire paragraphs on why you should buy different products.  Thankfully they brought it back to the true subject matter.

I found another website with learning materials designed to help teachers integrate technology into their classroom, with diverse students in mind.

Web 2.0 and emerging learning technologies/learning styles. (2011, May 19). Retrieved from http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Web_2.0_and_Emerging_Learning_Technologies/Learning

Using technology to support diverse learners. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wested.org/cs/tdl/print/docs/tdl/home.htm

Alternate Poll Option

Click here to answer my poll on your favorite childhood story.

Poll

Make a live audience poll at Poll Everywhere


I had to delete my results and stop my poll because I kept receiving random answers that had no meaning to my poll.

Double Entry Journal #1

I read the article 'Education Needs a Digital-Age Upgrade' by Virginia Heffernan, and while the entire article was wonderful and thought provoking the one quote that just jump out at me and sunk its teeth in was the first sentence: "If you have a child entering grade school this fall, file away just one number with all those back-to-school forms: 65 percent."
This was a beautiful, and incredibly intelligent way to open this article.  It just sucks you in and makes you ask, "why do I need that number?" and you know you have to keep reading to find out.  So you do keep reading and you get the payoff.  It's just a wonderful set up, to get you going and keep you focused into the article.

I found a video that boasts the use and benefits of digital media in the classroom.

Virginia Heffernan. (2011, August 7). Education needs a digital-age upgrade. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/education-needs-a-digital-age-upgrade/?hp

(2010). Using digital media to extend the classroom beyond school. (2010). [Web Video]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeNoj7hbjAk

Introducing: Me

My name is Beth Mills; I am from Wyoming County West Virginia.  My subject areas include Theatre, Speech and Library Science.  I plan on teaching at a high school level.
I believe the best way students learn is by doing, especially in theatre.  I believe theatre itself provides children with a release of their pent up energies that have built up over the day, as well as providing a creative outlet for them.  Some of the things I plan on exploring include warm-up exercises every actor or actress should know.  I'll also cover some fun theatre games to begin them on their path on acting.  Then I'd cover different "genres" of plays, such as commedia dell'arte, and theatre of the absurd.  All of this will lead to the class play, which I will allow the students the chance to chose.